There was no clear victor and the terms set by the Romans were extremely harsh. He is generally considered one of the greatest generals in history and Rome’s most formidable enemy. There were many potential causes of the Second Punic War, but the harsh result of the First Punic War was the most influential factor in the start of the Second Punic War. In fact, it would not be an overstatement to say that the Carthaginians were the favorites to win the war from the beginning, only to falter in the later and more decisive stages. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). Hannibal sought to consolidate the power of the Carthaginians in Iberia and he stormed several important fortresses. Bit by bit the 2nd Punic war became a world war. The rise of Rome in the Third Century led to their interference in Sicily. 67 (1996), p 37, Bickerman, Elias J. It seemed that the Barca’s first Hamilcar, then Hasdrubal and finally Hannibal supported a faction in Carthage that wanted a war of ‘national revenge’. The personality of Hannibal, his genius, and his hatred of the Romans was crucial in the outbreak of the war. From his earliest childhood, he was raised by his father to hate Rome and to seek his destruction. In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and … The cause of Second Punic War Bust of Hannibal discovered in Capua. The Second Punic War-In 226, the Romans pledged to not interfere with anything south of the Ebro River, but after the first punic war, a city named Saguntum, south of the Ebro River, asked Rome for help against the Carthaginians. The Hannibal inspired attempts by the Carthaginians to engineer a Celtic or a Celtic-Carthaginian invasion placed Rome on a war-footing. That's the most honest answer I can give. Throughout the conflict, intelligence played a pivotal role in shaping … So the Second Punic War, largest conflict on antiquity, is mainly known by epic battles like Cannae or Zama and great leaders – Hannibal Barca and Scipio Africanus. The Second Punic War is known as Hannibal’s War or against Hannibal. You can read John D Clare's blog-post - The Saguntum Outrage and the Causes of the Second Punic War - here. Hamilcar was a brilliant leader and strategist and he soon began to conquer extensive territories in Spain. However, even without Hannibal, many historians argue that another war between the two greatest powers in the Western Mediterranean was inevitable.[20]. Another was the Carthaginian faction who opposed the peace with Rome attempts to create an alliance with the Celts in the North of Italy. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to examine the causes of the Second Punic War as given by two prominent ancient historians, Polybius and Livy, the key sources for the modern reader studying the conflict. why did rome win the second punic war. His account of the Punic Wars is fortunately among these better preserved parts. This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. The Second Punic War §6: War in Spain §7: Debate about Scipio's invasion of Africa §8: Scipio's bodyguard §9: Carthaginian countermeasures §10: Hasdrubal, Syphax, Massinissa, and Sophonisba §11: Massinissa prepares for war §12: Massinissa's war against Syphax and Carthage. revenge. The government of Carthage was divided over their support for Hannibal in Spain and they were not really in favor of another war with Rome. The Romans demanded that the Carthaginians evacuate Sicily. We have other ancient writers who did not accept his reasoning of the matter such as Cicero who wrote “The siege of Saguntum was the cause of the second Punic war, which Hannibal carried on against our ancestors”. rome's ability to adapt to war and their numbers. The Second Punic War is known as Hannibal’s War or against Hannibal. The most famous story of the beginning of the Punic War is the story quoted by Polibius, a historian of Greek origin, residing in Rome in the 2nd century BC. Hannibal besieged the town under the pretext that the Sagunto attacked one of the tribes, which were under Carthage authority. The Romans now reasoned that Hannibal did not want to respect past agreements and the allies of Rome. After a while, the Carthaginians got their house in order and sought to expand their empire again. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Carthage was in a difficult situation after the defeat of the First Punic War. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. Rome was technically an ally of Saguntum, but the Republic was not able to help it. generals of the second punic war. The war on Saguntum was seen by Polybius to be just the first incident in the war. This faction briefly won a majority in the Carthaginian Senate or Assembly and entered into a secret agreement with the Celts in Northern Italy. Livy describes the war by saying, “No states, no nations ever met in arms greater in strength or richer in resources” (21.1-2). Hannibal not only devastated Rome in their military interactions but thrust away Rome’s pride in itself. Rome eventually built a fleet, and after initial defeats, they conquered and smashed the Punic navy and won a total victory. The city was a very prosperous trade center and it was strongly fortified. The origins of the Second Punic War, which was very much Hannibal’s war, were the following. Polybius outlines three clear causes of the Second Punic war. Like the American’s Manifest Destiny in the 1800’s, Rome wanted to unite the world in its civilization, which they believed was the most culture-rich of all the nations. Hannibal was determined to avenge the death and defeat of his people in the First Punic War. what were the results of the second punic war. As part of the peace treaty that ended the First Punic War, Carthage could not intervene in the affairs of Italy. The war lasted for a whole 17 years … He cleverly entered into alliances with some of the local tribes and exploited the internal divisions of others. Click on picture to enlarge . The causes of the war were a result of both Roman and Carthaginian actions. Nevertheless, Carthage recovered from the Second Punic War relatively quickly and coins and trade goods from this period have be… If one was to select the most crucial factor that led to the war it was the burning hatred of the great Carthaginian for Rome. He had lost his power over Mediterranean Sea; losing Sicily and the compensation imposed on him by Rome greatly affected his economy. He continued the strategy of Hamilcar and continued to expand the Punic presence in Iberia [3]. This is the second and most important cause of the Second Punic War. After he set out from Spain he crossed the Alps and advanced into Italy where he soon won a series of remarkable victories at the battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and the Battle of Cannae. (London: Routledge, 2003), p 45, Rich, John. Polybius tells us that the real reason that there was a renewal of activates between Carthage and Rome boiled down to these three factors. The story of the conflict is well known, such an event as his heroic crossing of the Alps has become legendary. This allowed Hannibal to consolidate his position in Spain. Hannibal crosses the Ebro. The origin of the 2d Punic war; to point out to us the causes of this contestbetween Romeand Carthage, allege first thesiege of Saguntumby the Carthaginians, and,secondly, their breach of treaty by crossing the river called bythe natives the Iber. How did the Renaissance influence the Reformation? The capture of Saguntum was essential to Hannibal's plan. The Mercenary War (240-237 BC) Carthage had to pay its mercenary soldiers after the First Punic War, even though Carthage lost the war to Rome. There Hamilcar ‘commanded the young Hannibal to lay his hand on the body of the sacrificial victim and to swear that he would never be a friend to Rome. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. This war was fought under the command of Hannibal who fought for Carthage while Romans fought under various generals. The Second Punic War was often known as Hannibal’s War in Rome.It was in a real sense the personal war of Hannibal. Scipio defeated the remaining Carthaginian forces in Spain, which placed Spain under Roman control. Following their defeat in the First Punic War and the loss of territory in Sicily, Carthage built up a new empire in Spain. The Celts with the support of the Carthaginians planned to move south into Roman territory. Less well known, are the causes of the Second Punic War. The Second Punic War: Causes. who won the second punic war. See answer hillaryanaiah hillaryanaiah Answer: The causes of the war were a result of both Roman and Carthaginian actions. The Second Punic War: Causes. He is said to have left the biggest imprint on Rome as an outsider. In order to determine who is truthfully to blame for the Second Punic War, each of the causes by both sides must be explored in depth. Even though the main cause of the second war was the war on Saguntum you must go back all the way to the ending of the First War. "The origin of the second Punic War." Frustrated at … The Senate or Assembly was controlled by a party that wanted peaceful co-existence with Rome and distrusted Hannibal. The inability of the Carthaginian Senate to impose their will on Hannibal was also critical. o CAUSES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR EVENTS DURING THE SECOND PUNIC WAR Carthaginian General, Hannibal, lays siege to city of Saguntum. Battle of Cannae 216 BC. Hannibal destroys the Roman army at Cannae in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome. When the inhabitants rejected the offer Hannibal had every adult put to death and enslaved the children. The main reasons for the Second or Hannibalic War were the ambition and pride of prominent military generals and a poorly configured political agreement. While there was Hannibal’s army getting ready to over throw the Roman Empire with his cavalry and war elephants, on the other end there were the Gallic tribes eager to massacre them. They imposed very harsh terms on Carthage as part of the peace treaty. He was determined like his family to defeat Rome and it became an obsession. Rome forced Carthage to pay for damages after the war, so Carthage had very little left to pay the mercenaries. These were the main reasons for the Punic Wars. Hannibal in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) almost inflicted a total defeat on the Roman Republic. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. revenge. The war began just twenty-three short years after the First Punic War had ended. Carthage was asked to totally evacuate Sicily and the Aegadian Islands, which lay west of it, as well as the small islands that lay between Sicily and Africa. In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. The Barcid was the main driver of the conflict between Carthage and Rome. Write the following events onto cards, and sort them in chronologcal order, adding a date where possible: Hannibal besieges Saguntum. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. The fault for the beginning of the Second Punic War can not be placed on a single nation. Roman envoys visit Hannibal . Causes of the Second Punic War Some historians of the Hannibalian war, when they wish The origin of the 2d Punic war; to point out to us the causes of this contest between Rome and Carthage, allege first the siege of Saguntum by the Carthaginians, and, secondly, their breach of treaty by crossing the river called by the natives the Iber. Third Punic War Cause Even after the huge defeats of the first two wars Carthage was still going strong. Garland, Robert. Hamilcar decided to expand the territory of Carthage in Spain. The Start of the Second Punic War 218 BC. generals of the second punic war . thatsbloodyy thatsbloodyy 2 hours ago History High School What was the cause of the second punic war? What was the cause of the second punic war? The Third Punic War was entirely avoidable was caused by Rome taking advantage of Carthage while they were weak. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. Hannibal stated that he was "willing to depart from Saguntum, unarmed, each with two garments."[10]. or in other words, why did it start? https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_were_the_causes_of_the_Second_Punic_War&oldid=20475. That said, the treaties, while a major reason for the Second Punic War, were not the only cause. Write the following events onto cards, and sort them in chronologcal order, adding a date where possible: Hannibal besieges Saguntum. You can read John D Clare's blog-post - The Saguntum Outrage and the Causes of the Second Punic War - here. New Carthage. Both nations took decisive actions that forced them towards the war. They contested the control of Sicily with the Greeks. South of the river Ebro, Sagunto was only sea town (it was Hellenized Iberian city), which did not obeyed to Carthaginians, but it entered into an alliance with Rome. Their city had suffered too much in the war and in its aftermath during the ‘Mercenary War’ and there was a strong pro-peace party in the city. Furthermore, the wealth of the city tempted him as he needed to pay his men who were all mercenaries. Many saw the siege and the destruction of the city as an unofficial declaration of war. The Second Punic War or the Hannibalic War lasted sixteen years from 218 BC to 202 BC and was fought between the two major powers of Rome and Carthage. The Second Punic War was one of the bloodiest wars fought in the ancient world. They became embroiled in a war in Illyria [7]. Causes of the Second Punic War 1722 Words | 7 Pages. However, the Romans became aware of the plan and they launched a preemptive strike. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. In 219 BC Carthaginian general Hannibal besieged Saguntum, the last Spanish city south of the river Ebro not under Carthaginian control.Saguntum was an ally of Rome, so Hannibal's attack provoked the Second Punic War. Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. As the second in the series of three wars between the two nations, the Hannibalic War was a war of great struggle that filled all of Rome with fear for their lives and for losing all they had established. what was the cause of the second punic war. The second Punic war was the result of the growing rivalry between the two great powers that were now struggling for supremacy in the western Mediterranean (Rome and Carthage), with the trigger of the war being the rapid growth of the Carthaginian dominion in Spain, with Carthage building up a great empire in the Spanish peninsula, expecting to raise new armies to invade Italy. "[19] Hannibal was bound by this oath and he never wavered from it and he became the Republic’s greatest enemy. Polybius gives us three events that led to the Second Punic War, and none of these events actually involved Hannibal himself. [1] This was a brutal war, and both sides inflicted severe defeats on each other. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. hannibal and scipio. The rising power of the Barcid family in Spain upset the balance of power between Carthage and Rome and this destabilized the peace that was agreed at the end of the First Punic War. Carthage had lost the First Punic War (264-241 BCE) and control of Sicily, then again it had been defeated in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) and so lost its Spanish empire, its fleet, and independence of military action. The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241–218 bce) The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. The 2nd Punic War was one of the three epic battles fought between Carthaginians and the Romans from 218 BC to 201 BC. The Carthaginians did not control him in Iberia. They were great traders and farmers, and soon they had created a great city, and they dominated large tracts of the coast of Northern Africa. The Romans feared the Celts ever since. Hannibal (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010), p. 45, Hoyos, Dexter. The cause of Second Punic War Bust of Hannibal discovered in Capua. Hamilcar’s army was composed mainly of mercenaries, from Spain and North Africa, who were personally loyal to him. What were the causes of the Northern Renaissance? This page was last edited on 27 April 2020, at 03:18. After a while, the Carthaginians got their house in order and sought to expand their empire again. Hannibal regarded Saguntum as key to his position in Spain. As stated, Roman Imperialism was … This invitation led to tensions with the Carthaginians and ultimately led to the outbreak of the First Punic War. His father Hamilcar, had valiantly fought the Romans in Sicily and was widely regarded as a great commander. First, as other ancient authors, Polybius points to Hannibal’s oath and longstanding grudge against the Romans. This war is often simply known as Hannibal’s war. [13] It was in a real sense the personal war of Hannibal. The Barcid was the main driver of the conflict between Carthage and Rome. Second Punic War - Second Punic War Battles. Causes of the War. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Both sides prepare for war Rome wants to use superior navy to attack Carthage homeland. Spain, which definitely had a great impact on the final outcome of the war. Thus, fault can be found on both sides. Carthaginian mistake: attempt to reconquer Sardinia Hannibal's younger brother was sent to Carthago to ask for more troops. Hannibal could use his massive wealth from his Iberian conquests to bribe many Carthaginians politicians to support his anti-Roman policies. He was even able to drag it into another war with Rome despite opposition from Carthaginian citizens. He had lost his power over Mediterranean Sea; losing Sicily and the compensation imposed on him by Rome greatly affected his economy. Rome wanted to protect themselves from the threat of Hannibal’s Carthaginian army. Second Punic War Effect This raises a very large question on the part of Polybius. During Hannibal's assault on Saguntum he suffered heavy losses as he attempted to storm the city’s fortifications and because of the ferocity of the defending Saguntines [9]. where was the second punic war fought. italy, for 17 years, and then carthage, for less than a year. They were not able to attack Rome because of their advanced technology(siege towers, etc). Ancient historiography could not clearly determine on whose side was responsible for the Punic wars, or what was the direct reason for the outbreak of the conflict. Until the decisive moment arrived, the outcome of the war hung in the balance throughout a number of battles. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. and associated with the Scipio’s family. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. The Roman Senate responded favorably, and ignored the pledge. However, for such a large and horrendous war, the question of who was the driving force is still asked. Hannibal was a member of the powerful Barca clan, one of the most influential in Carthage. If the Carthaginian Senate had been able to control the Barcid, a war between Hannibal and Rome could have been averted. The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. Hannibal Barca (247-183 BCE) is one of the best-known figures from the Ancient World. "Hannibal's Covenant". Polybius continues, Hannibal's crossing was another action that wasn't … rome. They were supported by the Barcids in Spain. [12] Hannibal also obtained war-elephants. Leaving 20,000 troops with his brother Hasdrubal, Hannibal went farther north on the Rhone River than the Romans … They were initially invited into Sicily by the Greeks, who were fearful of the Carthaginians. He was accompanied by his Hannibal who was only nine years old. New Carthage. One of the key reasons for the outbreak of the Second Punic War was the inability of Carthage to restrain Hannibal, who had become too powerful. The Punic Wars were clashes between titans and were arguably the largest wars of the time period as the two participants were some of the most powerful nations of the time. Extensive Use of Intelligence. Indeed, the Barcid led the city-state into a war that they did not want. The Punic Wars were clashes between titans and were arguably the largest wars of the time period as the two participants were some of the most powerful nations of the time. The immediate cause of the Second Punic War was the decision by Hannibal — the main Carthaginian general at the time, and one of history’s most revered military commanders — to ignore the treaty between Carthage and Rome that “forbade” Carthage from expanding in Spain beyond the Ebro River. In 221 BCE Hasdrubal was assassinated by a local tribesman, many believe at the instigation of the Romans. Hannibal, considered a boogeyman for the children of Rome, came into power at the young age of twenty-five in 221 BC. where was the second punic war fought. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. Image Credit: ancient-battles Second Punic Warwas also marked by the happenings of Gallic uprisings that made this war a much more complicated affair for the Romans. o Saguntum had a long standing friendship with Rome Rome demands that he leave. Task. The reluctant government assembled 12,000 foot, 1500 horse and 20 elephants that should be moved under the protection of 60 warships to Italy. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). (1952). or in other words, why did it start? This tribe consisted of Insubres and Boii people and formed an alliance with Carthaginians. These causes being identified more so with anger of Hamilcar Barca and the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Sardinia. Polybius is someone who gives a very good account of the events that led to the war, blaming the Carthaginians for causing the war. who won the second punic war. B. C. 334. Once in Spain is father brought him to an altar. This had aroused resentment among many Punic citizens, and Carthage had no hope of resisting Rome at their weakened condition. The Second Pinic War: The Causes Of The Second Punic War 938 Words | 4 Pages. The Second Punic War-In 226, the Romans pledged to not interfere with anything south of the Ebro River, but after the first punic war, a city named Saguntum, south of the Ebro River, … However, the actions they took drove both nations towards a second war. He faced a coalition of rebellious Spanish tribes but Hannibal defeated them at the Battle of the River Tagus.[4]. oHannibal refuses Roman demands. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to examine the causes of the Second Punic War as given by two prominent ancient historians, Polybius and Livy, the key sources for the modern reader studying the conflict. Task. This is even though he had signed a treaty with Rome that allowed the Carthaginians influence south of the Ebro River and Rome assigned a ‘sphere of influence’ north of that river. However, he continues to explain the reasons for Hannibal’s rage, the First Punic War, which Polybius calls “the most important cause of the subsequent war” (Kagan106, 1975). In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. The Second Punic War was often known as Hannibal’s War in Rome. The citizens of Saguntum resisted bravely and they defied Hannibal and his army for long eight months. Supplement, no. Rome was now very much afraid of a Celtic-Carthaginian alliance and attacked Cisalpine Gaul (Southern France) to deny the Carthaginians an opportunity to attack the Republic. The government of Carthage was divided over their support for Hannibal in Spain and they were not really in favor of another war with Rome. The cause of the Second Punic War is an issue of some great debate. The army acclaimed Hannibal and he became its commander at the age of 26. This was originally a Greek city but later was composed of a mixed population of Greeks, Romans, and Iberians. Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources [17], It is not fashionable these days to assign much importance to the role of individuals in history. The treaty that Rome made with Carthage was complicated, and had numerous political results. Rome did not want to just go in and defeat a nation they had just defeated. The causes of the First Punic War were mainly clashes of economic interests. B. C. 334. This was viewed with alarm in Rome and they were troubled by the revival of the Carthaginians power. Both nations took decisive actions that forced them towards the war. Hannibal was powerful enough that he could effectively hijack the Carthaginian Senate and to dictate its foreign policy. Rome didn’t like powerful neighbors, and they wanted total control over the Mediterranean. Causes of the Second Punic War The Second Punic war “was the greatest and most dangerous one Rome was compelled to fight on their way to the conquest of the Mediterranean.” With 17 years of battle causing heavy casualties to be suffered on both sides, the Second Punic War has proven to be an important time period in the Roman and Carthaginian empires. 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Cause of Second Punic War. aggressive stand the outcome of the Second Punic War. battles fought between and... The Republic was not able to control the Barcid, a lot was happening in the Second Pinic War the... Answer: the causes of the War between Carthage and Rome boiled down to these three factors Rome despite from... Romans in Sicily, Carthage felt as though they were based in the Carthaginian faction opposed. After the First and Second Punic War was entirely avoidable was caused by Rome Hannibal every! While Romans fought under the command of Hannibal several Numidiankingdoms were drawn into the f… the War! Drove both nations took decisive actions that forced them towards the War hung in the ancient world Words! Attack Rome because of their advanced technology ( siege towers, etc ) sides. Formidable army and they had once even sacked Rome their empire again to drag it into War! Other Words, why did it start very much Hannibal ’ s War or Hannibal. Answer I can give the personal War of Hannibal, considered a boogeyman for the of! Was determined like his family to defeat Rome and they wanted total control over the.. Their weakened condition a renewal of activates between Carthage and Rome was the cause the!
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