Glob Environ Chang 19(2):191–202. << For much of the weekend, Lagos, Africa’s largest city, has been hit badly by heavy floods. The frames are further described below and sample texts/quotes showing them are presented as supplementary material. The National Emergency Management Agency (Nema) says heavy rains caused the … Environ Plann C: Gov Policy 29(3):533–547. Glob Environ Chang 23(6):1714–1725. Against this background, the paper documents incidence of flood, its causes and impacts on residents in Agege local government area of Lagos State Nigeria. Flooding in the area is common due to heavy rains and the Benue River, which runs through the area. /P 0 0000013155 00000 n Following the 2012 flood, media coverage of flood-related issues increased in the Nigerian news media. Now rising is the threat of water-related diseases, such as cholera and acute watery diarrhoea, which are easily spread through contaminated floodwater. Similarly, scholars have shown that policy actors can use the media to (in)directly shape policy processes and outcomes (Crow and Lawlor 2016; Robinson 2001). Since the end of the Nigerian civil war and accompanying oil boom of the 1970s (Orubuloye 1995), the country has become increasingly an urban society and the proportion of people living in urban areas has gradually increased from 16% in 1970 to more than 20% in 1980 (Metz 1991) and is currently over 46% (The World Bank … The states in Nigeria mostly affected by such floods are Adamawa, Kano, Niger, Jigawa, Kaduna, Cross River and Kebbi [23,24]. Clim Dev 8(1):26–44. Inadequate analysis has clouded the picture of not only what policies and strategies are being adopted but also how these are designed and what underlying guiding assumptions/principles are directing flood management decisions in the present and future. Accessed 2 Aug 2017, Olaseha IO, Sridhar MKC, Oyewo OA (2005) Developing sustainable market waste management through the joint efforts of technocrats and traders: a case study from Ibadan, Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.008, Johnson CL, Tunstall SM, Penning-Rowsell EC (2005) Floods as catalysts for policy change: historical lessons from England and Wales. Statistical, standardized principal component and water quality inde (2015), who designated pathways for adapting to climate change impacts into structural (such as engineered, technological and ecosystem-based), institutional (such as laws and regulations, government policies, programmes and services) and societal (such as educational, informational, behavioural and social services). The narratives of government, local communities and businesses align with the premise that flooding can and should be prevented whilst that of multilateral and business actors champion adaptation strategies on the basis that flooding is inevitable and hence more energy should be directed at ‘living with water’—emergency response, damage reduction and the aftermath. FLOODING IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTION Chapter one Introduction 1.1 Background to the study Floods are major disasters affecting many countries of the world annually especially in most flood plain areas. 2015; van der Werff 2004). Sources were investigated and information collated with particular reference to narratives, activities and actions of stakeholders during the reported flood incidents. %���� References Moreover, much of the infrastructure has reached the end of its design life and is deteriorating without being replaced. Therefore, for example, there could be two officials in a news article emphasising the same frame and this would count only as one. Rev Policy Res 33(5):472–491. Int J Water Res Dev 24(4):555–565. Routledge, Oxon, Harvatt J, Petts J, Chilvers J (2011) Understanding householder responses to natural hazards: flooding and sea-level rise comparisons. Reg Environ Change 18, 1145–1159 (2018). Over the last three decades, there has been an increase in the number and severity of flood events in many urban areas of Africa (Ajibade et al. 36 0 obj This study analysed newspaper articles to understand how actors (government, local community, corporate, multilateral and NGOs) have framed perceived underlying causes and solutions to urban flooding in Nigeria. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Washington, Miles B, Morse S (2007) The role of news media in natural disaster risk and recovery. This is because of the general rise in sea level globally, due to global warming. (2010), if we expect people to accept more responsibility and possibly adopt behavioural approaches, then they should be involved in decisions connected with flooding. Generally fl… This will entail a policy shift that may also depend upon changes or realignment in existing laws and regulations to make them fit for purpose (i.e. There are broadly four approaches to content analysis of news media articles, namely semiotic, discourse, narrative and frame analysis (Devereux 2013). 2012; Uzochukwu et al. Secondly, we examined and categorised these texts into pre-determined frames. Flooding has been experienced in the Niger through Benue basin and Sokoto-basin in the flooding years of 1987, 1991 and 1994 and this affected agricultural landuse to a great extent. Public Uderstanding Sci 26(7):872–888. ' P - � � R W � � � R p 7\ � J � R � � . The findings are based on analyses of articles published in local and national Nigerian newspapers (online versions) between January 2012 and September 2016. Public Underst Sci 23(4):454–471. A total of 1704 articles containing the search criteria were generated for the period under study. Human Settlement Dev III:109 http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/e1-18-05-05.pdf, Ogunmade O (2017) Osinbajo orders release of N1.6bn relief aid for flood victims in 16 states. 0000295587 00000 n https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.005, Swart ROB, Raes F (2007) Making integration of adaptation and mitigation work: mainstreaming into sustainable development policies? Strategies for Mitigation of Flood Risk in the Niger Delta, Nigeria * Corresponding author: Temi E. Ologunorisa 18 Flood-Protection Scheme: This consists of adjustments to building structure, and the contents of buildings, designed to reduce flood damage. Flash flooding has created a humanitarian emergency in areas of north-eastern Nigeria already complicated by insurgency, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and a fragile health system. Flood risk is not just based on history, but on a number of factors: rainfall, riverflow and tidal-surge data, topography, flood control measures, and changes due to construction of building and development on flood plain areas. However, an unexpected finding is the dominance of engineered approach, e.g. Broadly speaking, there are three main types of news media. The near absence of an ecosystem-based approach within governmental narratives may be connected to the fact that government has been blamed as complicit in degradation of ecosystems (Adekola et al. /S 282 The absence of such within the framing of government and local actors especially could imply this is not being considered within policy development. ; and (3) What are the possible policy implications of the manner in which various actors frame urban flood issues? 2013). Accessed 13 Mar 2017, Thompson M, Warburton M (1985) Decision making under contradictory certainties: how to save the Himalayas when you can’t find out what’s wrong with them. J Commun 57(1):99–118. 2013). This is more balanced and lays equal emphasis on both human and climate-related factors (Schaller et al. FLOODING IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTION Chapter one Introduction 1.1 Background to the study Floods are major disasters affecting many countries of the world annually especially in most flood plain areas. Reg Environ Chang 15(5):801–814. However, this narrative is more balanced than those of government and local communities due to also including aspects of human causes. Flooding is one of the major environmental crises of the 21stcentury, especially in coastal areas. Google) and searching the websites of major national newspapers (mainly Thisday, The Nation, Vanguard, Guardian and Punch). Eur J Commun 16(4):523–544. /E 304266 2007) does not result in conflicts (Swart and Raes 2007) that will undermine flood management. However, floods is not peculiar to Nigeria, it occurs worldwide. Organ Stud 31(5):605–627. This suggests that publication of flood-related articles in Nigeria media reflects the concept of ‘issue-attention cycle’ (Downs 1972). Ensuring that communities engage in behavioural approaches is especially important because connected with the adaptation narrative is the standpoint that flood risk cannot be either avoided or eradicated, and citizens should accept more personal responsibility. The narrative of NGOs on causal factors of urban flooding in Nigeria, like that of multilateral organisations, was evenly balanced, suggesting a combination of both climate-related and human factors. To help fill these gaps, this paper uses quantitative content analysis to explore the frame of five policy actor groups (government, local communities, business, multilateral organisations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs)) as expressed in local and national newspapers between 2012 and 2016 to understand their narratives of causes and strategies to solve the problem of urban flooding in Nigeria. Int J Soc Sci Humanit Rev 4(2):111–124. A review of these to assess for relevance reduced the number of articles to 462, of which we found that about 68% were duplicates, often repeating the same statements and in some cases verbatim reports. The relatively high number of articles to analyse frames of government and local communities is not surprising since they have a direct role and are most visible in flood management. Likewise, the dominance of engineered approach among government actors was unexpected since lack of or poor infrastructure was not that prominent a perceived cause. https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/library/node/43015, Tremearne AJN (1910) Notes on some other British West African peoples. 2014; Nkwunonwo et al. Sage, London, Devitt C, O’Neill E (2017) The framing of two major flood episodes in the Irish print news media: implications for societal adaptation to living with flood risk. in many Nigerian cities (except for new cities like Abuja) was laid during the pre-independence era and was not designed to meet the day-to-day challenges of modern urban populations let alone stand any major flooding due mainly to the fact that infrastructures are under-designed. Thus, the framing of causal factors of urban flooding among local community actors is dominantly around anthropocentric factors. The frequency, severity, and spread of these floods are increasing. The situation is such that residents have not entirely recovered from preceding flooding before another incident occurs. This engagement should start with understanding the factors underlying causes of flooding in Nigerian cities and probably comprehension of uncertainties surrounding causes of flooding. Government policies and educational and social services were the dominant suggested solutions. The increase in flooding as a result of perceived increase in rainfall intensities within the Southern part of Nigeria, is posing enormous risk to lives and properties. loods are the most common and recurring disaster in Nigeria. Environ Urban 20(1):187–205. Nigeria has an annual deforestation rate of about 3.5 percent, meaning an average yearly loss of between 350,000 and 400,000 hectares of forest cover. >> 0000006987 00000 n Whilst there were disparities in the framing and narratives, the narratives of governmental and corporate actors were highly consistent. vol Book, Whole. The impact of the 2012 flooding was very high in terms of human, material, and … 2013; Jalayer et al. In 22 frames, reference was made to suggest possible climate-related factors causing flooding. Sage, California, Taylor JG, Stewart TR, Downton M (1988) Perceptions of drought in the Ogallala Aquifer region. Second, the low number of frames around urbanisation as a causal factor could be worrying considering the high rate of urban growth in Nigeria and understanding such growth from the point of view of natural hazards such as flooding (Douglas et al. 0000013396 00000 n For the period studied, news media have not covered some actors, especially the business and multilateral organisations’ narratives with the same attention given to other actors. The National Emergency Man­agement Agency (NEMA) say these figures are likely to rise as the […] By framing issues in specific ways, an entity can declare the underlying causes and likely consequences of a problem and establish criteria for evaluating potential remedies for the problem (Nelson et al. The first which is championed by governmental and corporate actors emphasises the human causes of flooding and then seeks institutional adaptation measures as solutions. J Sustain Dev 5(7):69–79. There is a need for reorientation and engagement of all actors and an understanding of the limits of engineered approaches (Johnson et al. Policy Stud J 35(4):587–605. /Info 34 0 R To ensure that we do not dwell on articles whereby news organisation reframes the narratives of key actors, we focus mainly on where direct quotes have been reported as a way to differentiate between media framing and the framing of the actors we have analysed. Proc Institution Civ Eng Water Manage 170:115–127. Nigeria has experienced a lot of flood Available at https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/abia-lacks-capacity-handle-emergency-flood-disaster-ssg/. However, whilst governments seem to be coming to terms with the inevitability of flooding in cities, the notion of ‘community resilience’ beyond being prepared with immediate post-disaster relief is entirely absent. In recent times, floods triggered by torrential rains killed dozens of people across China. to be the main cause of flooding. This is interesting if considered that locals and government who are direct actors favour different approaches, i.e. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12(5):787–797. In 2017, floods affected 250,000 people in the eastern-central region In 2016, 92,000 were displaced and 38 died In 2015, more than 100,000 were displaced , with 53 deaths Oxford University Press, Oxford. Societal pathway (27 frames) was the main approach suggested as solution, followed by institutional and structural approaches with 17 and 13 frames, respectively. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), Abuja. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00238.x, Hajer M (1993) Discourse coalitions and the institutionalisation of practice: the case of acid rain in Britain. As a platform for a study that does not include full transcripts/narratives of actors, frame analysis becomes helpful in identifying and specifying actors’ frames around an issue through which their narrative can be constructed. Int J Commons 1(1):111–136. However, to other actors in the public who may struggle with the nuance between something causing flooding and the presence of something, which exacerbates the impacts of flooding, focus may extend to underlying human activities and behaviour. Nearly 2,800 households have been displaced. Mr Adeyemi Abidemi, the Permanent Secretary, Lagos State Ministry of Environment, on Tuesday, said the State Government would soon make flooding a thing of the past in the state. Geophys Res Lett 37(22):1–5. The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA), on Tuesday presented its 2019 Annual Flood Outlook (AFO) in Abuja. Of the 106 articles analysed for government framing, there were 95 frames on possible causes of flooding in cities. The Minister of Water Resources, Mr. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600206, McBeth MK, Jones MD, Shanahan EA (2014) The narrative policy framework. geographic coverage, reporting narratives of actors rather than journalist opinion, etc). In most of the more recent accounts, especially in 2016, there are indications within the government frames suggesting that the idea of preparing for flooding is gaining ground. %%EOF https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312438908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.08.001, Gwaza PA (2014) Appraising response to the plight of victims of natural disasters in nigeria: challenges and prospects 1–20 https://ssrn.com/abstract=2483014, Haider-Markel DP, Delehanty W, Beverlin M (2007) Media framing and racial attitudes in the aftermath of Katrina. There is a near absence of ecosystem-based and behavioural approaches in the strategies suggested by governmental actors. No serious flood can come now; it should be after many years. The Nation published 100, Guardian 88, others (such as Premium Times, The Tide, Tribune, etc.) Water Resour Dev 21(4):561–575. Glob Environ Chang 42:193–199. We have changed the way we are now doing our roads” (Vanguard 2013). Between July and October 2012, flooding in Nigeria pushed rivers over their banks and submerged hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland. 2007; Surminski and Oramas-Dorta 2014). The recent occurrences of flooding in the country such as the Sokoto flood in 2010, Ibadan flood in 2011, Lagos flood in 2011, and the 2012 floods in parts of Lokoja, Makurdi, Asaba, Ogbaru, Yenegoa and so on, had shown that flooding is one of the major environmental problems faced in Nigeria. This year floods have killed almost 200 people with many thousands displaced. These sources were collected through comprehensive and extensive searching using databases such as ProQuest and Internet-based search engines (i.e. 2016). This perspective has recently sparked a fertile area of research in respect of media framing around recent flooding events to understand policy (Bohensky and Leitch 2014; Devitt and O’Neill 2017; Escobar and Demeritt 2014; Haider-Markel et al. Flood in Nigeria 2017 July greeted Nigerians with torrential downpours. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380070109, CAS  The region has been experiencing flood for the past two decades. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1977-2, Adeyemi O, Adenusi Rotimi D, Osunsanmi Temidayo OB (2015) State of infrastructure procurement in Lagos State, Nigeria: the PPP approach. Available at https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09/floods-ready-die-leave-farmlands-fishes-defiant-villagers/. In 2017, floods affected 250,000. First is that which dominates among governmental, local community and corporate actors. 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