what group is europium in

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[8], Europium forms stable compounds with all of the chalcogens, but the heavier chalcogens (S, Se, and Te) stabilize the lower oxidation state. Eu + e – → Eu – – ∆H = Affinity = 50 kJ/mol. The chemical element Europium, obviously named after the continent, has atomic number 63 the symbol Eu. It reacts very quickly with water and gives off hydrogen. The development of easy methods to separate divalent europium from the other (trivalent) lanthanides made europium accessible even when present in low concentration, as it usually is. Most applications of europium exploit the phosphorescence of europium compounds. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. When the europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s, and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry, there was a scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors,[51] as the typical europium content in monazite is about 0.05%. Element Europium (Eu), Group 19, Atomic Number 63, f-block, Mass 151.964. Google Groups. Europium chloride (EuCl 3) Europium iodide (EuI 3) Europium oxide (Eu 2 O 3) Interesting facts: It is the most reactive of all the rare earth elements. [28] The most outstanding examples of this originated around Weardale and adjacent parts of northern England; it was the fluorite found here that fluorescence was named after in 1852, although it was not until much later that europium was determined to be the cause. Europium. 151Eu is the beta decay product of samarium-151, but since this has a long decay half-life and short mean time to neutron absorption, most 151Sm instead ends up as 152Sm. The sulfates of both barium and europium(II) are also highly insoluble in water. List of Europium Compounds, Common Compounds of Europium Eu, Formula, Molecular Weight Europium ignites in air at 150 to 180 °C to form europium(III) oxide: Europium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form pale pink solutions of the hydrated Eu(III), which exist as a nonahydrate:[12], Although usually trivalent, europium readily forms divalent compounds. Today, europium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements. This ion-exchange process is the basis of the "negative europium anomaly", the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as monazite, relative to the chondritic abundance. Applications. It will ignite in air about 150° C to 180° C. It is hard as lead and very ductile. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., Eufod. [13] Divalent europium is a mild reducing agent, oxidizing in air to form Eu(III) compounds. [34][35], Europium is associated with the other rare-earth elements and is, therefore, mined together with them. In the divalent state, the strong local magnetic moment (J = 7/2) suppresses the superconductivity, which is induced by eliminating this local moment (J = 0 in Eu3+). The bastnäsite mined there is especially rich in the light rare-earth elements (La-Gd, Sc, and Y) and contains only 0.1% of europium. Europium is used in the phosphors. Source: Bulb Americal Contributor: Theodore Gray Acquired: 11 March, 2009 Text Updated: 17 March, 2009 Price: $5 Size: 2" Purity: <1% Sample Group: Light Bulbs Matsumoto et al. It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. The Bayan Obo iron ore deposit in Inner Mongolia contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is, with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare-earth element oxides, the largest known deposit. Synonym: Aluminum dysprosium europium strontium oxide, Europium and dysprosium doped strontium aluminum oxide, Long persistent blue-green phosphor Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): Sr 3.84 Eu 0.06 Dy 0.10 Al 14 O 25 However, a package duly arrived in the mail, containing several pounds of genuine europium oxide. Many minerals contain europium, with the most important sources being bastnäsite, monazite, xenotime and loparite-(Ce). Combining the same three classes is one way to make trichromatic systems in TV and computer screens,[54] but as an additive, it can be particularly effective in improving the intensity of red phosphor. [68], There are no clear indications that europium is particularly toxic compared to other heavy metals. Rare-earth elements are found in the minerals bastnäsite, loparite-(Ce), xenotime, and monazite in mineable quantities. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. Europium was discovered by Eugène-Antole Demarçay, a French chemist, in 1896. The story of Europium’s discovery begins with the discovery of another element – samarium. Notes on the properties of Europium: Mohs Hardness: converted from Vickers scale Specific Heat: Value given for solid phase. For instance, astronomers in 2019 identified higher-than-expected levels of europium within the star J1124+4535, hypothesizing that this star originated in a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way billions of years ago. Since it is a good absorber of neutrons, europium is being studied for use in nuclear reactors. Besides the natural radioisotope 151Eu, 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being 150Eu with a half-life of 36.9 years, 152Eu with a half-life of 13.516 years, and 154Eu with a half-life of 8.593 years. [27] Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in geochemistry and petrology to understand the processes that form igneous rocks (rocks that cooled from magma or lava). Welcome to Pepco Group Ltd – the fast-growing, multi-format, pan-European discount variety retailer. Monazite is a group of related of orthophosphate minerals LnPO 4 (Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except promethium), loparite-(Ce) is an oxide, and xe… Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals. The controversial EU aid programs appear to be centered on EU member states that share borders with non-member states, with much of the training focus on border crossings and migration. Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides: yellow-green europium(II) fluoride (EuF2), colorless europium(II) chloride (EuCl2), colorless europium(II) bromide (EuBr2), and green europium(II) iodide (EuI2). Track your parcel online at any time: All you have to do is simply enter one or more parcel numbers. Europium, chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. [11] Its reactivity with water is comparable to that of calcium, and the reaction is. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Europium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Europium. It is the most reactive of the lanthanide group: it tarnishes quickly in air at room temperature, burns at about 150 C to 180 C and reacts readly with water. Europium is produced by nuclear fission, but the fission product yields of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for fission products. Element Europium - Eu. Europium is a hard, silver-colored metal that readily oxidizes in air. 10.3.4 Eu. Organize with favorites and folders, choose to follow along via email, and quickly find unread posts. Europium oxide (Eu 2 O 3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. Europium compounds tend to exist trivalent oxidation state under most conditions. Frank Spedding, celebrated for his development of the ion-exchange technology that revolutionized the rare-earth industry in the mid-1950s, once related the story of how[52] he was lecturing on the rare earths in the 1930s, when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of europium oxide. Europium nitrate shows a slightly higher intraperitoneal LD50 toxicity of 320 mg/kg, while the oral toxicity is above 5000 mg/kg. Europium oxide (Eu2O3), one of europium's compounds, is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 2.0 milligrams per kilogram, Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 1.3×10-7 milligrams per liter, Number of Stable Isotopes: 1 (View all isotope data). The reduction from Eu3+ to Eu2+ is induced by irradiation with energetic particles. French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran claimed to have isolated samarium in 1879; others believed that one or more other new rare earth elements were present in Boisbaudran’s sample. This phosphor system is typically encountered in helical fluorescent light bulbs. Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. Commonly these compounds feature Eu(III) bound by 6–9 oxygenic ligands, typically water. When oxidation is removed a shiny-white metal is visible. Europium is a member of the lanthanides group of elements. While 153Eu is stable, 151Eu was found to be unstable to alpha decay with a half-life of 5+11−3×1018 years in 2007,[15] giving about 1 alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium. A better name for these elements is lanthanides. [54][55] Color TV screens contain between 0.5 and 1 g of europium oxide. UV to deep red luminescence can be achieved. There are no commercial applications for europium metal, although it has been used to dope some types of plastics to make lasers. Named for the continent of Europe. In 1886, French chemist Eugène-Antole Demarçay identified spectroscopic lines in ‘samarium’ caused by the element we now know as eur… The second large source for rare-earth elements between 1965 and its closure in the late 1990s was the Mountain Pass rare earth mine in California. It reacts strongly with oxygen in the air and spontaneously catches fire. It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in euro banknotes. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. The term rare earth elements has long been used for elements in Row 6 of the periodic table, a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. [70][71] The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard. This value is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Relative to most other elements, commercial applications for europium are few and rather specialized. [58][59] The two classes of europium-based phosphor (red and blue), combined with the yellow/green terbium phosphors give "white" light, the color temperature of which can be varied by altering the proportion or specific composition of the individual phosphors. Divalent europium (Eu2+) in small amounts is the activator of the bright blue fluorescence of some samples of the mineral fluorite (CaF2). [8], Europium becomes a superconductor when it is cooled below 1.8 K and compressed to above 80 GPa. [25] No europium-dominant minerals are known yet, despite a single find of a tiny possible Eu–O or Eu–O–C system phase in the Moon's regolith.[26]. William Crookes observed the phosphorescent spectra of the rare elements including those eventually assigned to europium. [25][36][37][38][39], A few large deposits produce or produced a significant amount of the world production. [17] A larger amount of 154Eu is produced by neutron activation of a significant portion of the non-radioactive 153Eu; however, much of this is further converted to 155Eu. An atom of Europium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Europium. [8] Some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half-filled electron shell. When mixed with water, its reaction is similar to calcium. Its compounds have been further examined by Urbain and Lacombe. Separation of the rare-earth elements occurs during later processing. Bastnäsite tends to show less of a negative europium anomaly than does monazite, and hence is the major source of europium today. All of your discussions in one place. There are two stable isotopes of Europium that exist in nature, europium-151 and europium-153. It is element atomic number 63, with the symbol Eu. Although europium is present in most of the minerals containing the other rare elements, due to the difficulties in separating the elements it was not until the late 1800s that the element was isolated. Europium is found in a variety of ores with other rare-earth … He was able to produce reasonably pure europium in 1901. The other product is chlorine gas. Rare-earth elements are found in the minerals bastnäsite, loparite-(Ce), xenotime, and monazite in mineable quantities. Our europium page has over 150 facts that span 72 different quantities. Monazite is a group of related of orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except promethium), loparite-(Ce) is an oxide, and xenotime is an orthophosphate (Y,Yb,Er,...)PO4. Europium is a moderately hard, silvery metal , which is discovered in 1896. n europium A supposed new element announced by Demarçay in 1901, obtained in very small quantity as oxid, sulphate, etc., from samar-skite and monazite. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. Three oxides are known: europium(II) oxide (EuO), europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3), and the mixed-valence oxide Eu3O4, consisting of both Eu(II) and Eu(III). Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides. Europium was discovered in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. Europium is the most reactive lanthanide by far, having to be stored under an inert fluid to protect it from atmospheric oxygen or moisture. Europium is a soft silvery metal, both are and expensive. Demarcay named the element after the continent of Europe. Bastnäsite is a group of related fluorocarbonates, Ln(CO3)(F,OH). 628 Hofstadter Road, Suite 6Newport News, VA 23606, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is managed by, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy. Europium is the least dense, the softest, and the most volatile member of the lanthanide series. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water. Below are the 16 Catchy Europium slogans for chemistry assignments, science projects & project presentations. Further incentives for co-operating in Groups include financial subsidies from the Parliament and guaranteed seats on commi… The nature of the europium anomaly found helps reconstruct the relationships within a suite of igneous rocks. When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. Eu-151 is used for the production of Eu-152 which is used as a reference source in gammaspectroscopy. Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Notwithstanding the fact that Eu is a heavy metal, it is comparatively non-toxic. Europium is not found in free or elemental form in nature. Europium is one of the rarest of the rare earth elements on Earth. Demarçay suspected that samples of a recently discovered element, samarium, were contaminated with an unknown element. [72], Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see. The primary decay products before 153Eu are isotopes of samarium (Sm) and the primary products after are isotopes of gadolinium (Gd).[16]. This element also has 8 meta states, with the most stable being 150mEu (t1/2=12.8 hours), 152m1Eu (t1/2=9.3116 hours) and 152m2Eu (t1/2=96 minutes). To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. It occurs in the products of the nuclear fission . Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements. It contains besides niobium, tantalum and titanium up to 30% rare-earth elements and is the largest source for these elements in Russia.[25][43]. [45], Europium was first found in 1892 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. It oxidizes easily in air and water and is part of the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements. Superconducting Point: Value measured at 80 GPa Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. Because of the high reactivity, samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal, even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil. It is a dopant in some types of glass in lasers and other optoelectronic devices. Europium is also the softest lanthanide, as it can be dented with a fingernail and easily cut with a knife. 155Eu (half-life 4.7612 years) has a fission yield of 330 parts per million (ppm) for uranium-235 and thermal neutrons; most of it is transmuted to non-radioactive and nonabsorptive gadolinium-156 by the end of fuel burnup. Depletion or enrichment of europium in minerals relative to other rare-earth elements is known as the europium anomaly. The calibration curve for two neutral europium peaks (Eu-I) 462.6 nm and (Eu-I) 459.3 nm for ionic europium peak (Eu-II) 459.2 nm and (Eu II) 420.4 nm line in shown in figure 7. The +2 state has an electron configuration 4f7 because the half-filled f-shell provides more stability. Atomic Number: 63 Period Number: 6 Group Number: none. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is extremely reactive with oxygen and water. Roasting the ore, followed by acidic and basic leaching, is used mostly to produce a concentrate of lanthanides. Europium definition is - a metallic chemical element of the rare-earth group that is used especially in television screens and fluorescent lamps. Californian bastnäsite now faces stiff competition from Bayan Obo, China, with an even "richer" europium content of 0.2%. There are no commercial applications for europium metal, although it has been used to dope some types of plastics to make lasers. Almost invariably, its phosphorescence is exploited, either in the +2 or +3 oxidation state. It crystallizes in a body-centered cubic lattice. The ground state electronic configuration of neutral europium is [Xe].4f 7.6s 2 and the term symbol of europium is 8 S 7/2.. Europium: description Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of europium ions doped in silicate glass [7], Europium is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of lead. It is the most active element among the lanthanides. For questions about this page, please contact Steve Gagnon. [10], Europium is the most reactive rare-earth element. This is the cutest little bulb, just one twist, two watts of light. Europium was discovered by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay (FR) in 1896. This behavior is unusual for most lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. Its minerals deposits are found in China. Europium(II) reacts in a way similar to that of alkaline earth metals and therefore it can be precipitated as a carbonate or co-precipitated with barium sulfate. All europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. This name comes from the first element in Row 6, lanthanum.Rare earth elements are not … These compounds, the chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, are soluble in water or polar organic solvent. [56] Whereas trivalent europium gives red phosphors,[57] the luminescence of divalent europium depends strongly on the composition of the host structure. Europium is pronounced as yoo-RO-pee-em. [63][64][65][66][67], A recent (2015) application of europium is in quantum memory chips which can reliably store information for days at a time; these could allow sensitive quantum data to be stored to a hard disk-like device and shipped around. The main nitride is europium(III) nitride (EuN). They […] For the extraction from the ore and the isolation of individual lanthanides, several methods have been developed. As with other lanthanides, many isotopes of europium, especially those that have odd mass numbers or are neutron-poor like 152Eu, have high cross sections for neutron capture, often high enough to be neutron poisons. Eu-153 can be used for the production of high specific activity Sm-153 via fast neutron irradiation. [40][41][42] The mining operations at the Bayan Obo deposit made China the largest supplier of rare-earth elements in the 1990s. Carlos Zaldo, in Lanthanide-Based Multifunctional Materials, 2018. Further separation by solvent extractions or ion exchange chromatography yields a fraction which is enriched in europium. It is a rare - earth element and has 2 isotopes in nature : 151 Eu and 153 Eu. All the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than 4.7612 years, and the majority of these have half-lives shorter than 12.2 seconds. This fraction is reduced with zinc, zinc/amalgam, electrolysis or other methods converting the europium(III) to europium(II). Europium is most commonly found in 3+ oxidation state, although some fraction of Eu 2+ may be present in selected compounds. EuS is prepared by sulfiding the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose the Eu2O3:[44]. [60] Europium fluorescence is used to interrogate biomolecular interactions in drug-discovery screens. [7] Europium is also used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass, increasing the general efficiency of fluorescent lamps. Europium is associated with the other rare-earth elements and is, therefore, mined together with them. [16], The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 153Eu is electron capture, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta minus decay. In anaerobic, and particularly geothermal conditions, the divalent form is sufficiently stable that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline earths. It oxidizes quickly in the air. Europium chloride, nitrate and oxide have been tested for toxicity: europium chloride shows an acute intraperitoneal LD50 toxicity of 550 mg/kg and the acute oral LD50 toxicity is 5000 mg/kg. Learn more about europium in this article. Only 0.2% of the rare-earth element content is europium. Eu 3+ has a [Xe]4f 6 electronic configuration. Otherwise, the main chalcogenides are europium(II) sulfide (EuS), europium(II) selenide (EuSe) and europium(II) telluride (EuTe): all three of these are black solids. 152Eu (half-life 13.516 years) and 154Eu (half-life 8.593 years) cannot be beta decay products because 152Sm and 154Sm are non-radioactive, but 154Eu is the only long-lived "shielded" nuclide, other than 134Cs, to have a fission yield of more than 2.5 parts per million fissions. Bastnäsite is a group of related fluorocarbonates, Ln(CO3)(F,OH). Named after the continent of Europe. However, the Molycorp bastnäsite deposit at the Mountain Pass rare earth mine, California, whose lanthanides had an unusually high europium content of 0.1%, was about to come on-line and provide sufficient europium to sustain the industry. Eu is found in oxidation states +3 and +2. It is obtained from many minerals like: bastnasite (family of three carbonate fluoride mineral), monazite (reddish brown phosphate mineral), xenotime (phosphate mineral) and loparite-(Ce) (granular brittle oxide mineral). The average crustal abundance of europium is 2–2.2 ppm. Chiral shift reagents, such as Eu(hfc)3, are still used to determine enantiomeric purity. It was one of the Last of the rare earthelements discovered. The elderly gentleman had turned out to be Herbert Newby McCoy, who had developed a famous method of europium purification involving redox chemistry.[38][53]. In terms of size and coordination number, europium(II) and barium(II) are similar. [61][62], An application that has almost fallen out of use with the introduction of affordable superconducting magnets is the use of europium complexes, such as Eu(fod)3, as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. Through our retail brands – PEPCO, Poundland and Dealz – we’re proud to trade from over 2,800 stores in 14 territories across Europe, serving 49 million shoppers each month. With the brilliant red europium phosphor, it was no longer necessary to mute the other colors, and a much brighter color TV picture was the result. Europium has two stable isotopes and both are used for the production of radioisotopes. It is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Another large source for rare-earth elements is the loparite found on the Kola peninsula. Prior to europium, the color-TV red phosphor was very weak, and the other phosphor colors had to be muted, to maintain color balance. (2002) developed a new β-diketone that is able to bind to analytes with amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups and whose europium complexes can be used as a luminescent label for HPLC: 5-(4″-chlorosulfo-1′,1″-diphenyl-4′-yl)-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-3,5-pentanedione (Hcdpp). It rapidly oxidizes in air, so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter-sized sample occurs within several days. [51] Europium has continued to be in use in the TV industry ever since as well as in computer monitors. Monazite also contains thorium and yttrium, which complicates handling because thorium and its decay products are radioactive. [7] One of the more common persistent after-glow phosphors besides copper-doped zinc sulfide is europium-doped strontium aluminate. Working together in Groups benefits European political parties: for example, the European Free Alliance (5 MEPs in sixth Parliament) and the European Green Party (37 MEPs in sixth Parliament) have more power by working together in the European Greens–European Free AllianceGroup (42 MEPs) than they would have as stand-alone parties, bringing their causes much-needed additional support. Europium was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. [36] Europium metal is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten EuCl3 and NaCl (or CaCl2) in a graphite cell, which serves as cathode, using graphite as anode. The choice of method is based on the concentration and composition of the ore and on the distribution of the individual lanthanides in the resulting concentrate. Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Today, europium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO 4), a material rich in rare earth elements. If cerium is the dominant lanthanide, then it is converted from cerium(III) to cerium(IV) and then precipitated. [29][30][31][32][33], In astrophysics, the signature of europium in stellar spectra can be used to classify stars and inform theories of how or where a particular star was born. What's in a name? Overall, europium is overshadowed by caesium-137 and strontium-90 as a radiation hazard, and by samarium and others as a neutron poison. Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. Say what? Europium is a neutron adsorber, , so … Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24], Europium is not found in nature as a free element. Europium is obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of … Europium was discovered in 1901 by French chemist Eugene-Anatole Demarcay (1852-1904). This was an unheard-of quantity at the time, and Spedding did not take the man seriously. Europium oxide (Eu2O3) is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. However, the discovery of europium is generally credited to French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay, who suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element in 1896 and who was able to isolate it in 1901; he then named it europium.[46][47][48][49][50]. This occurs because europium is divalent in the metallic state,[9] and is converted into the trivalent state by the applied pressure. (Europium) Symbol (Eu) Number (63) Group Number (NA) Group (Rare Earth, Lanthanides) Block (f) Density (5.259 g/cm3) Atomic Weight (151.96 g/mol) Atomic Volume (28.9 cm3/mol) Discover (1901) States: State (Solid) Melting Point (1099 K) Boiling Point (1802 K) It is used as a source of blue color in LEDs. Europium atoms have 63 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.18.25.8.2. Separation of the rare-earth elements occurs during later processing. 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